Studies on the Relations Between Albanian and Romanian as an Indicator of the Connections Between the Two Peoples and the Advancement of Knowledge of the Common Language and History

 Manjola ZAÇELLARI

Abstract: The linguistic similarities between Albanian and Romanian are numerous. They belong to three linguistic levels: lexical, grammatical and phonetic. Although both Albanian and Romanian are Indo-European languages ​​with different group statuses, researchers have concluded that these languages ​​have “the same subject” but with two “different forms”. The linguistic relations between them are deep and complex, as they were formed during common historical periods and mutual influences. Both languages ​​share many common elements, mainly due to the Thracian-Illyrian period. Etymological and comparative studies show that historical and cultural connections have played an important role in the formation of these similarities. The relations between the two languages ​​are a rich and important field of study for the understanding of their historical and linguistic development. These relations are a topic of in-depth research for many Romanian and Albanian scholars, who have analysed linguistic similarities and differences, linking this field not only with issues of etymology and grammar but also with the problems of ethnogenesis and the formation of the two populations. Through a comparative approach and critical interpretation of the existing literature of Albanian and Romanian authors that shed light on the relations of Albanian with Romanian, this paper aims to highlight the depth and nature of these relations, highlighting the structural similarities, common sources and historical-cultural influences that have influenced their formation.

Keywords: Albanian, Romanian, linguistic overlaps

Introduction

In the late 19th and early 20th cen­turies, Romania, especially cities such as Bucharest, Braila and Constanța, became important centres for the pat­riotic and cultural activity of Albani­ans in exile. They played a decisive role in the development of the move­ment for Albanian language, educa­tion and national independence.

The Albanian colony in Bucharest, as noted by Çabej¹, served as a centre of organisation and publication, help­ing to create the first Albanian primers and to spread Renaissance ideas. Naum Veqilharxhi, one of the earliest figures of this period, published in Bucharest in 1844 the primer Evëtori Shqip Fort i Shkurtër, which repre­sents one of the first attempts to write Albanian in a separate alphabet². The “Drita” and later “Shpresa” associa­tions, which operated in Romania, contributed significantly to the sup­port of Albanian schools, the publica­tion of books in Albanian, and the distribution of patriotic literature in Albanian territories. These organisa­tions raised funds, published newspa­pers and primers, and created an at­mosphere of solidarity for the national cause³.

The Frashëri brothers also had a close connection with the Albanian colony in Romania. Naim Frashëri, during his stay in Bucharest, pub­lished his most important works, such as Bagëti e Bujqësia and Historia e Skënderbeut, using Romanian printing presses and taking advantage of the freedom of the press that this country offered⁴. On the other hand, Nicolae Iorga, a Romanian historian and Al­banologist, actively supported the Al­banian cause and stated that Albanians and Romanians are “a tribe of the same blood”, emphasising the cultural and historical affinities between the two peoples⁵.

At the time of the declaration of Albanian Independence (1912), Romania maintained a positive stance towards Albanian aspirations for statehood. Romanian political and cultural elites expressed understanding and sympathy for Albanian independ­ence, diplomatically supporting the Albanian position in international con­ferences of the time⁶.

In this context, it is also worth mentioning the close and rich cultural and scientific relations, especially in the field of linguistics, dating back to the 19th century. This cooperation between the two countries has helped create a friendly atmosphere, deepen­ing especially after World War II, when many young Albanians went to study in Romania. Therefore, we have today an important legacy that contin­ues to influence studies and relations between Albania and Romania.

Scientific cooperation has also been enriched by well-known figures in Albanian and Romanian linguistics, who have played an important role in advancing these studies. Personalities such as Aleksandër Xhuvani, Eqrem Çabej, Mahir Domi, Shaban Demiraj, Iorgu Iordan, and many others have contributed to strengthening the ties between the two peoples and advanc­ing knowledge of the common lan­guage and history.

Linguistic relations between Albanian and Romanian

The relations between Albanians and Romanians go beyond political support. There is a deeper connection between them, which stems first from the similarities between these two lan­guages ​​and from a historical connec­tion between the two countries. This fact is supported by numerous studies that have investigated the relations between Albanian and Romanian. Studies on this aspect belong to three linguistic levels: lexical, grammatical and phonetic. Although both Albanian and Romanian are Indo-European languages ​​with different group status­es, researchers have concluded that these languages ​​have “the same sub­ject” but with two “different forms”⁷. The linguistic relations between them are deep and complex, as they were formed during common historical pe­riods and mutual influences. Both lan­guages ​​share many common elements, mainly due to the Thracian-Illyrian period. Etymological and comparative studies show that historical and cul­tural connections have played an im­portant role in the formation of these similarities. The researcher A. Rosseti⁸ has emphasised that Albani­an, as a descendant of Illyrian, has had historical contacts with other Balkan languages, such as Thracian and Daco-Mesian, which have influenced its formation and that of Romanian. This influence, according to him, has led to the creation of common words and grammatical structures, which have been evidenced during various studies. The researcher G. Brâncuș⁹ emphasises that the similarities be­tween the two languages ​​are related to a common Thracian-Illyrian substrate, which has influenced the linguistic development of both peoples. Accord­ing to him, the common Romanian-Albanian element was conceived in this area of ​​the Thracian-Illyrian en­counter”¹⁰. Other Romanian scholars, such as I. Russu¹¹, C. Poghirc¹², A. Vraciu¹³, examining the relations of the Albanian language with Romani­an, the etymology of words, and the common elements in the linguistic fund, have also emphasised the im­portance of the substrate as the source of these common elements.

Linguistic relations of Albanian with Romanian

The linguistic similarities of Alba­nian with Romanian are an important field of study, which testify, among other things, to a common Illyrian-Thracian heritage. Nicolae Iorga¹⁴, a Romanian historian, literary critic, Albanologist and poet, claimed that Albanians and Romanians are “a tribe of one blood”, emphasising the deep cultural and linguistic ties between the two peoples. On the other hand, the Albanologist Grigore Brâncuș¹⁵ in his detailed analyses of the relations be­tween Albanian and Romanian noted that the phenomenon of rhotacism, a characteristic element that separates the dialects of Albanian, especially those of Gheg and Tosk, is similar to Romanian. He explains that the rhota­cism of –n- is a phonetic phenomenon that has occurred in several Romance languages ​​and Albanian and has influ­enced the formation of phonological variations in these languages. In Ro­manian, rhotacism is closely linked to the development of different dialects of the language, such as Dacorumian and Istro-Romanian. In Dacorumian, the nasalised “r” coexists with the oral “r” to this day, while in Istro-Romanian and Albanian, the “r” was completely de-nasalised. This phe­nomenon occurred during the period of contact with Slavic, where rhota­cism did not affect the Slavic elements borrowed from these languages. The rhotacism of the –n- ending in Roma­nian and Albanian occurred during the period of contact with Slavic, reflect­ing the phonetic changes that occurred in the way words were formed. This process has been described by a num­ber of scholars such as Meyer-Lübke¹⁶ and Densusianu¹⁷, and supported by other scholars such, as Gjinari¹⁸ and Çabej¹⁹, who suggest that rhotacism may have occurred as early as the 14th century, reflecting particularly in toponyms and words borrowed from Greek, Italian and Slavic.

Comparative studies between the two languages ​​have also touched on the lexical level. In fact, what initially attracted attention, a reason to later make observations on other linguistic levels such as phonetics and grammar, is the common corpus of some old words. This lexical phenomenon was first identified by Miklosich²⁰ from the mid-19th century. XIX (1861), where he notes that we have lexical units with similar phonetic and se­mantic construction.

The lexical similarities between Albanian and Romanian have been interpreted by various researchers as a consequence of a common source, which most of them link to the Thra­cian substrate. This idea is also sup­ported by several other authors who have examined the similarities be­tween these two languages. What makes this lexicon special is the fact that the corresponding words cannot be traced back to classical languages ​​such as Latin or ancient Greek, nor to languages ​​that later influenced the region, such as Slavic or Oriental lan­guages. This has led to the emergence of several hypotheses on the origin of this lexical fund.

Some scholars believe that the source of these words should be sought in an early linguistic layer of the Balkans, specifically in Thracian or a form of Thracian-Dacian. Ac­cording to this thesis, Albanian could represent a continuation of this lan­guage, which would also explain the similarities with Romanian. Mean­while, some other authors suggest that these lexical elements were borrowed from Romanian through Albanian or a language that preceded it in an earlier period, before the influence of Slavic languages²¹.

Researchers Jashari and Bello²² claim that “regarding the source of this common lexicon in Albanian and Romanian, we do not have and hardly can come up with a common and clearly and accurately argued opinion. Different researchers give different figures for the number of old words shared between Albanian and Roma­nian: Russu²³ mentions about 70 words, while Brânkuş²⁴ reaches up to 90 units. However, it is widely ac­cepted that this lexicon was once wid­er and testifies to early linguistic rela­tions with pre-Slavic roots. According to Jashari and Bello, determining the origin of these words remains a fun­damental issue for Balkan linguistics. Meanwhile, researcher A. Vehbiu (2020), states that Albanian and Ro­manian share close links in phonetics, morphology, syntax and lexicon. A number of old words in Romanian, which cannot be explained through Latin, have clear correspondences in Albanian. The two languages ​​also share similarities in the way words of Latin origin have evolved phonetical­ly. Based on these correspondences, some Albanologists, such as Norbert Jokli, have suggested that the ances­tors of Albanians and Romanians once coexisted in a common space, perhaps in the heart of the Balkans. According to Vehbiu²⁵, these linguistic connec­tions are often used as an argument by supporters of the Thracian hypothesis for the origin of Albanian since Ro­manian is thought to have been built on a Thracian substrate. Likewise, those who believe that Albanian was formed further inland in the Balkans, away from the coast and the influ­ences of ancient Greek, use these cor­respondences to support their position. However, it should be mentioned that there are also scholars, such as Çabej²⁶ or Cimochowski²⁷, who have treated Albanian-Romanian relations serious­ly, even though they are supporters of the hypothesis of the Illyrian origin of Albanian.

Of the two dialects of Albanian, Tosk is the one that shows the most similarities with Romanian, especially at the phonetic level, for example, in the replacement of nasal vowels with open ë or a and in the phenomenon of rhotacism (where in Romanian the l is rhotacised, while in Albanian the ‘n’ is rhotacised).

Two languages ​​– a common his­tory

Studies on the linguistic relations between Albanian and Romanian, as we mentioned before, have included prominent Romanian and Albanian linguists, such as Alexandru Rosetti, Eqrem Çabejt, Shaban Demiraj, Sextil Pușcariu, Grigore Brâncuș, Seit Mansaku, Bardhyl Demiraj, and many others. In this paper we will present some of their main contributions, em­phasising the fact that the study of similarities between the two languages ​​highlights the depth and nature of these relations, pointing out the struc­tural similarities, common sources and historical-cultural influences that have influenced their formation.

Research by A. Rossetti

Alexandru Rosetti²⁸, one of the most prominent Romanian linguists of the 20th century, has treated in depth the linguistic relations between Alba­nian and Romanian in his monumen­tal work Istoria limbii române. In this work, he analyses the mutual influ­ences and structural similarities be­tween these two languages, placing them in the broader context of the Balkan languages. Rosetti notes that Albanian and Romanian share a num­ber of common phonetic, morphologi­cal, and syntactic features that are not found in other Romance languages. These similarities are attributed to a common Balkan substratum, particu­larly influences from the Thracian or Daco-Thracian languages. He empha­sises that these similarities are the re­sult of a long coexistence and close interaction between Albanian and Romanian communities in the Balkan region. Rosetti argues that many of the so-called “Balkanisms” in Romanian can be traced back to common sub­stratum influences, which are also present in Albanian.

These include grammatical and lexical structures that are not common in other Romance languages, suggest­ing a deep influence from the prehis­toric languages ​​of the region.

1. Çabej’s views

In his work Introduction to the History of the Albanian Language, Eqrem Çabej²⁹, one of the most im­portant figures in 20th-century Alba­nian linguistics, opens the treatment of the relations between Albanian and Romanian with a clear assessment of the depth of these connections. He states that: “Romanian and Albanian have very close connections between them. The history of these connections has remained unclear to this day; their explanation constitutes one of the main problems of Balkan linguis­tics”³⁰. According to him, the similari­ties between the two languages ​​are not limited to one aspect but include nu­merous areas of linguistic structure: phonetics, grammar (nominal inflec­tion and the construction of verb forms), lexicon, word construction, as well as phraseology and proverbs. These similarities are so pronounced that, in his words, “we have before us a single linguistic subject, which ap­pears in two different forms”. Thus, Çabej concludes that “the Albanian and Romanian peoples were once ge­ographically closer to each other in their history; in some places they may even have been in coexistence (sym­biosis)”³¹. According to R. Ismajli³², “Çabej’s entire vision is related to relations of the nature of Balkan con­tact (convergence) or symbiosis, leav­ing aside aspects of genetic inher­itance”.

Shaban Demiraj’s perspective

The scholar Shaban Demiraj has also addressed the issue of the rela­tions between Albanian and Romani­an, although he reached conclusions that did not fully match those of Çabej. Demiraj³³ considered the pres­ence of common words between Al­banian and Romanian to be important, especially because these similarities were also supported by similarities in the grammatical system. From the grammatical elements, he mentioned the early tendency of both languages ​​to place incomplete determiners after the noun, as well as other features that are also found in other Balkan lan­guages, such as the postposition of the definite article, the construction of the future tense with the auxiliary verb dua, the unification of the dative case with the genitive, etc.

Regarding the common vocabu­lary, Sh. Demiraj referred to the early observations of F. Miklosich³⁴, who had evidenced the presence of similar words in both languages, both in pho­netic and semantic terms. According to Demiraj, these words were inherit­ed from the most ancient periods, which was evidenced by old phonetic developments. In this way, he fol­lowed a somewhat different path from that of Çabej, approaching more closely the approach of Romanian scholars. Demiraj analysed those lexi­cal units that could potentially origi­nate from another language, namely from a substrate language, but he left this issue open due to the uncertainty in the chronological stratification of this lexical fund in both languages. He estimated that sometimes, through old phonetic phenomena, an earlier layer can be distinguished. If this layer be­longs to a period that precedes the formation of Albanian and Romanian as separate languages, then there can be no question of borrowings from Romanian into Albanian, but on the contrary, in some cases one can think of a possible influence in the opposite direction.

Studies by E. Pușcariu

In Emil Pușcariu, one of the most famous Romanian linguists, a special emphasis is put on the linguistic and historical connections between Alba­nian and Romanian, especially in the context of the South Danubian origin of Romanian. In his work Limba Română I³⁵, Pușcariu notes that pho­netic and lexical coincidences have been used by various scholars as an argument to assert the coexistence of the precursor Romanian and Albanian communities south of the Danube. He quotes P. Skok³⁶, who emphasises that the similar way of treating the group a + nasal in both languages, as well as the treatment of the groups cs, ct in Albanian, Romanian, and Dalmatian, suggests a common geographical space for these populations in the Il­lyrian region. Further, Pușcariu also refers to M. Friedwagner³⁷, who be­lieved that the external factor that gave Romanian its special features may have been precisely the ancient Albanian, with an influence that de­veloped mainly in Dardania. Pușcariu himself concludes that: “The Albani­anisms of Romanian, together with other similarities with Albanian, make us certain of one thing: our ancestors lived together with the ancestors of the current Albanians. Since we have neither records nor indications that Albanians lived north of the Danube, we are forced to accept that at least a part of the old Romans lived south of the river”³⁸.

1. Brâncuș on the relations of Albanian with Romanian

In his study “Romanian-Albanian Linguistic Relations” Grigore Brâncuș³⁹ analyses the affinities and similarities between the Romanian and Albanian languages, including all linguistic levels: phonetics, morphol­ogy, lexicon, syntax and onomastics. Brâncuș argues that the connections between Albanian and Romanian are deeper than mere lexical borrowings, including the basic structures of the language. He emphasises the im­portance of a thorough historical and comparative analysis to understand this relationship. The author supports the thesis that the many similarities between these two languages ​​come from a common Balkan substrate — specifically Thracian-Dacian for Ro­manian and Illyrian-Thracian for Al­banian. This idea is presented as an alternative to explaining the similari­ties through later borrowings. In his work, an important place is also occu­pied by the analysis of phonetic and morphological phenomena common between the two languages. Analysing issues such as the vowel ë (voiceless), rhotacism (changing n to r), palatalisa­tion of the sounds t and d, the for­mation of affricates (such as ç, xh), the use of the postpositioned promi­nent node, the researcher claims that these phenomena suggest a common development in a certain geolinguistic context.

Brâncuș also highly values ​​the contribution of Albanian Albanolo­gists such as Eqrem Çabej, Shaban Demiraj, Aleksandër Xhuvani, and others, considering them as founders of a serious scientific school that has treated this topic with objectivity and depth.

Discussions by S. Mansaku

Sei Mansaku’s discussions on the relations between Albanian and Ro­manian present a sober and contempo­rary approach, far from the 19^th centu­ry concepts that often considered the languages ​​as isolated units with a uni­form origin. In his analyses, Mansaku⁴⁰ emphasises that Balkan Latin does not have a homogeneous source – a conclusion that he consid­ers natural, given the duration of Latin influence in the Balkans and the mul­tiethnic and multilingual composition of the region. He supports the idea of ​​a convergent development of Latinity in the Balkans, which is manifested in the lexical correspondences between Romanian and Latin elements in Al­banian. These correspondences were later emphasised even more strongly in order to support the thesis of the Thracian origin of Albanian and the possible coexistence of the predeces­sor populations of Albanians and Ro­manians in the area of ​​the Niš–Sofia–Skopje triangle.

1. Demiraj on the relations be­tween Albanian and Romanian and a critical analysis of Brâncuș’s work

In his review of G. Brâncuș’s work, Bardhyl Demiraj⁴¹ presents a critical analysis of the author’s ap­proach to the linguistic relations be­tween Albanian and Romanian, high­lighting the difficulties and limitations of the method used. He describes the supposed substratum of Romanian as “the darkest and least clarified area in the history of that language” (Demiraj, p. 196), noting that the connection between the non-Latin vocabulary of Romanian and the Indo-European component of Albanian is problemat­ic, especially if it is based on the hy­pothesis of a Thracian element in the etymological structure of Albanian, given that Thracian remains an un­known language.

Demiraj emphasises two important issues:

1. The role of comparisons – He claims that for Albanian, internal his­torical reconstruction is the basis for understanding linguistic development, while comparison with Romanian has only auxiliary value. The opposite is true for Romanian. He follows in the footsteps of Eqrem Çabej, emphasis­ing the importance of the internal re­construction method for languages ​​with late documentation such as Al­banian.
2. Criticism of the sa­tem/centum classification – Demiraj opposes the division made by Brâncuș of the satëm element of Albanian as Thracian and the centum element as Illyrian, considering this to be in con­tradiction with the conclusions of Al­banology, according to which:

“Albanian in its constitutive ele­ments was an immediate continuation of a satëm language of the Balkans”⁴².

Overall, Demiraj appreciates the need for methodological caution and approaches more based on well-attested data, avoiding hypothetical constructions that have no solid basis in historical linguistics.

Conclusions

Studies on the relations between Albanian and Romanian shed light not only on the linguistic affinities be­tween the two languages but also on a common history of coexistence and mutual influences between the two peoples. From the analysis of the con­tributions of various linguists, it is clear that these relations are built on multifaceted foundations: from a common Balkan substrate, from early historical contacts and from parallel linguistic developments in a common geolinguistic environment. These studies not only serve to better under­stand the structure and history of the two languages but are also important indicators of the cultural and ethnic ties that unite Albanians and Romani­ans. From the analysis of the men­tioned researchers, it is clear that the linguistic relations between Albanian and Romanian are extremely com­plex. Despite differences in approach, such as Çabej’s emphasis on cultural symbiosis, Rosetti and Brâncuș’s fo­cus on the common Balkan substra­tum, or Shaban and Bardhyl Demiraj’s more critical stance on methodologi­cal difficulties, all acknowledge the existence of a deep connection be­tween these two languages. This con­nection is manifested in the phonetic, grammatical, and lexical similarities that distinguish Albanian and Roma­nian from other languages ​​of the re­spective family, including them in a common Balkan geolinguistic area. The comparative view of these re­searchers helps to illuminate an im­portant chapter in the history of Balkan languages ​​and shows that the study of interlingual relations requires a measured, multifaceted approach supported by clear historical and lin­guistic evidence.

Notes

• Çabej, Hyrje në historinë e gjuhës shqipe, Prishtinë: Enti i Teksteve dhe i Mjeteve Mësimore, 1976.
• Elsie, Historical Dictionary of Albania(Second edition), Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2010.
• Iorga, N.,(2000), Studime mbi shqiptarët, original publication in 1913, transl. B. Demiraj, Publisher “Toena”, Tiranë, 2000.
• Babinger, Albanische Studien und ihre rumänische Verbindung, Zeitschrift für Balkanologie, vol. 1, no. 2, 1933, pp. 103-117.
• Çabej, op.cit., p. 162.
• Rosetti, Istoria limbii române(vol. 1–2), Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1986.
• Brâncuș, Studii de Lingvistică Albaneză, Editura Academiei Române, București, 1995, p. 29.
• I. Russu, Elemente autohtone în limba română. Substratul comun româno-albanez, Ed. Academiei, București, 1970.
• Poghirc, Reflexions sur les problèmes du daco-moesien, nëL’Ethogenèse des peuples balkaniques, Symposium International sur l’Ethnogenèse des peoples balkaniques, Plovdiv 1969, Sofia, 1971.
• Vraciu, „Quelques remarques sur la position linguistique du thraco-dace”, inDritter Internationaler Thrakologischer  Kongress, Swjat, Sofia, 1984, pp. 220-222.
• Iorga, op.cit.
• Brâncuș, op.cit.
• Meyer-Lübke, Rumänisch, Romanisch, Albanesisch, in Mitteilungen des Rumänischen Instituts an der Universität Wien, Heidelberg, 1, 1914, pp. 1-42.
• Densusianu, Histoire de la langue roumaine, Paris, 1901.
• Gjinari, „Mbi disa elemente sllave në të folmet veriore të shqipes jugore”, në Studime filologjike, no. 4, 1972, pp. 267-278.
• Çabej, op.cit.
• Miklosich, Albanische Forschungen I: Die Slavischen Elemente im Albanischen, Wien: Denkschrift der Wiener Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1870, p.XIX.
• Demiraj, „Rreth ndërrimit të emrave në shumës në gjuhën shqipe, vështruar në përqasje me rumanishten”, nëStudime rreth historisë së gjuhës shqipe, Tiranë, 1973, p. 176.
• Jashari, Dh. Bello, „Shqipja dhe rumanishtja si gjuhë ballkanike”, në Lidhjet kulturore dhe historike shqipta-ro-rumune, Konferenca Shkencore Ndërkombëtare, Universiteti “Fan S. Noli”, Korçë, 2013, pp. 18-34.
• I. Russu, op.cit., p. 91.
• Brâncuș, Lidhje linguistike rumuno-shqiptare, Zemra Shqiptare, https://www.zemrashqiptare.net/news/12103/rp-0/act-print/rf-1/printo.html  (Accessed May 1, 2025), 1995, p. 130; Idem, Linguistic Features of the Balkan Linguistic Area, 2009; Idem, Studii de Lingvistică Albaneză, op.cit.
• Jashari, Dh. Bello, Shqipja dhe rumanishtja si gjuhë ballkanike, nëLidhjet kulturore dhe historike shqiptaro-rumune, Konferenca Shkencore Ndërkombëtare, Universiteti “Fan S. Noli”, Korçë, 2013, pp. 18–34.
• Vehbiu, Gladiatorët e shqipes, Peizazhe të Fjalës, https://peizazhe.com/ 2020/08/25/gladiatoret-e-shqipes/( Accessed May 1, 2025).
• Ibid.
• Cimochowski, Prejardhja e gjuhës shqipe, në Buletin i Universitetit Shtetëror të Tiranës. Shkencat Shoqërore, nr. II, Tiranë, 1958, pp. 37-53.
• Rosetti, op.cit.
• Çabej, op.cit, p. 74.
• Ismajli, Studime për historinë e shqipes në kontekst ballkanik, Prishtinë: Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës, 2015.
• Demiraj, Gjuha shqipe dhe historia e saj, Tiranë: Shkenca, 1994. See more Demiraj, Shaban,Gjuhësi ballkanike, Shkup.
• Miklosich, Albanische Forschungen I: Die Slavischen Elemente im Albanischen, Wien: Denkschrift der Wiener Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1870, p. XIX.
• Pușcariu, Limba română I, Minerva, București, 1976.
• Skok, „Contribution à l’étude des rapports albano-roumains”, në Revue Philologique, vol. 1, 1929, p.785.
• Friedwagner, „Über die Sprache und Heimat der Rumänen in der Frühzeit”, në Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie, vol. 54, 1934.
• Pușcariu, op.cit., p. 267.
• Brâncuș, Lidhje linguistike rumuno-shqiptare, Zemra Shqiptare,

https://www.zemrashqiptare.net/news/12103/rp-0/act-print/rf-1/printo.html (Accessed May 2, 2025).

• Mansaku, S., (1997), Quelques caractéristiques des éléments du grec ancien en albanais,Zeitschrift für Balkanologie, no. 33, p. 182-186.
• Demiraj, B., Vocabularul autohton al limbii române (Fjalori autokton i gjuhës rumune)– recension për librin e Grigore Brâncuş, Studime Filologjike, nr. 3–4, Tiranë: Akademia e Shkencave, 2009, pp. 195-198.
• Ibidem, p. 98.

Bibliography

Books

BRÂNCUȘ, G., Studii de Lingvistică Albaneză, Editura Academiei Române, București, 1995.

ÇABEJ, E., Hyrje në historinë e gjuhës shqipe, Enti i Teksteve dhe i Mjeteve Mësimore, Prishtinë, 1976.

ÇABEJ, E., Hyrje në historinë e gjuhës shqipe, Shtëpia Botuese, Tiranë, 2008.

DEMIRAJ, Sh., Gjuha shqipe dhe historia e saj, Shkenca, Tiranë, 1994.

DENSUSIANU, O., Histoire de la langue roumaine, Paris, 1901.

ELSIE, R., Historical Dictionary of Albania (Second edition), Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2010.

MIKLOSICH, F., Albanische Forschungen I: Die Slavischen Elemente im Albanischen, Denkschrift der Wiener Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, 1870.

PUȘCARIU, E., Limba română I, reprint, Minerva, București, 1976.

ROSETTI, A., Istoria limbii române (vol. 1–2), Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1986.

RUSSU, I. I., Elemente autohtone în limba română. Substratul comun româno-albanez, Ed. Academiei, București, 1970, p. 91.

Studies and articles

BABINGER, F., „Albanische Studien und ihre rumänische Verbindung”, Zeitschrift für Balkanologie, vol. 1, no. 2, 1933, pp. 103–117.

CIMOCHOWSKI, W., „Prejardhja e gjuhës shqipe”, në Buletin i Universitetit Shtetëror të Tiranës. Shkencat Shoqërore, nr. II, Tiranë, 1958, pp. 37-53.

DEMIRAJ, B., Vocabularul autohton al limbii române (Fjalori autokton i gjuhës rumune) – recension për librin e Grigore Brâncuş, Studime Filologjike, nr. 3-4, Akademia e Shkencave, Tiranë, 2009, pp. 195–198.

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Online resources

BRÂNCUȘ, G., Lidhje linguistike rumuno-shqiptare, Zemra Shqiptare,

https://www.zemrashqiptare.net/news/12103/rp-0/act-print/rf-1/printo.html, 1995, p. 130.

VEHBIU, A., Gladiatorët e shqipes, Peizazhe të Fjalës,

https://peizazhe.com/2020/08/25/gladiatoret-e-shqipes/.